1. In predicting human health effects using epidemiology, list one advantage and at least three disadvantages of that science. (4 points)

2. Animals in lab toxicology studies are exposed to very high doses, typically 1000 times higher than human. Why is this done? (25 words or less.) (2)

3. What are the two "extrapolations" commonly used to predict human health effects based on animal studies? (2)

4. Both the EPA and IARC use classification schemes that divide the universe of chemicals into various classes. This qualitative system is sometimes called. (1) (Multiple choice) a) sigmoid method, b) weight-of-evidence classification, c) maximum likelihood, d) liberalized multi-stage model.

5. Ames and Gold surveyed the literature and found a vast difference between synthetic and naturally occurring chemicals in their high dose cancer potency. (1) True / false

6. Ames and Gold warn against eating too much fruit and vegetables because of the pesticides on them. (1) true / false

7. The level of PCP in the soil at an old construction site is measure (mg/kg) as: 8, 46, 31, 18, 49. What is the value you should use for the RME. (Trick question) (2) Multiple choice. 52, 49, 30, 18.

8. Here are the background PCP values for a site nearby that you feel sure is not contaminated: 6, 44, 20, 12, 51. Is the average PCP concentration on the old construction site different then this site at a 95% confidence level.. (1) true / false.

9. Monte Carlo analysis is now considered too trivial for serious risk analysis.(1) true / false.